Diabetic common symptoms!By Imran

  Diabetic women and men have in common symptoms 

• Excessive thirst and hunger. D
• Frequent urination (from urinary tract infections or kidney problems)
• Weight loss or gain.
• Fatigue.
• Irritability.
• Blurred vision.
• Slow-healing wounds.
• Nausea.

Symptoms of kidney stone ! By Imran

Here are eight signs and symptoms that you may have kidney stones.

Pain in the back, belly, or side. ... Pain or burning during urination. ... Urgent need to go. ... Blood in the urine. ... Cloudy or smelly urine. ... Going a small amount at a time. ... Nausea and vomiting. ... Fever and chills

How to Prepare for an Interview !By Imran

How to Prepare for an Interview: The Ultimate Guide.

Before your interview, spend some real time on the employer's website. Dig into the job description. ... Write down the questions you're likely to be asked, and practice saying your answers out loud. Figure out what you're most nervous about being asked. Come up with questions of your own to ask.

Some common symptoms of enlarge Spleen! By Imran

enlarged spleen

No symptoms in some cases. Pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen that may spread to the left shoulder. Feeling full without eating or after eating only a small amount from the enlarged spleen pressing on your stomach. Anemia. Fatigue. Frequent infections. Easy bleeding

LG error code troubleshooting!By Imran

LG Error Code troubleshooting

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Acute pancreatitis signs and symptoms! By Imran

Acute pancreatitis signs and symptoms

Upper abdominal pain. Abdominal pain that radiates to your back. Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating. Fever. Rapid pulse. Nausea. Vomiting. Tenderness when touching the abdomen.

Common heart attack signs & Symptoms! By Imran

Common heart attack signs and symptoms

Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your chest or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back. Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain. Shortness of breath. Cold sweat. Fatigue. Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness. Thanks for read this topic subscribe for new updates.

How to get Adsense account approval !By Imran

How to get Adsense account approval for BlogSpot blog:

Buy a custom domain name.

Use Google apps to create a professional email address.

Add pages like About, Contact.

Ensure you use a clean BlogSpot design.

Have at least 10-15 well-written blog posts.

Ensure you don't use copyright images.

Drain line blockage troubleshooting !By Imran

Blockages in the AC Drain Line

1. Turn HVAC system off. 2. Locate cleaning port. If the unit has turned off due to a blockage, you may need a bucket to collect the condensation resting in the drain pan. 3. Remove cleaning port cap. 4. Assess clog. If you can see the blockage, attempt to remove the blockage. Do not push it further away. Instead, attempt to lift the blockage out of the drain pipe. If the blockage breaks, separates and falls down the pipe do not be alarmed. It can be rinsed out with water. 5. Slowly pour cleaning solution down PVC drain line. If cleaning solution fills drain line, do not continue to pour solution. Follow steps in Method 2. 6. After pouring is complete, assess the blockage. If the cleaning solution does not flow out of the drain line, the blockage is still intact. This may be a sign that there is a larger block in the drain line. Follow steps in Method 2. If the pipe fills and slowly drains then repeat step 5 until cleaning solution passes without difficulty. 7. Replace cleaning port cap. 8. Turn system back on.

Rankine cycle! By Imran

Rankine cycle By Mohammad Imran

The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems. It was also used to study the performance of reciprocating steam engines. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work while undergoing phase change.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plant! By Imran

Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plant:

Advantages: Low setup and maintenance cost. It is not directly related to climate condition like hydro power plant. Large amount of coal available at earth. Easy maintenance. Less land area required. It can be installed near load center which minimize transmission losses. It can be installed near coal mines which can minimize transportation cost of fuel. Disadvantages: Low cyclic efficiency around 35 to 45 percent. It continuously generates smoke which contributes in increase air pollution. It uses consumable fuel. Operation cost is high compare to hydro and nuclear power plant. It creates large amount of ash per hour so ash handling is quiet difficult. Sometimes heated water directly drawn into river which can harm life cycle of water living.

Ohm's Power Law Equation ! By Imran

Ohm's Power law equation.

Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

Ohm's low in triangle form!By Imran

Ohm's Law Ohm's law shows a linear relationship between the voltage and the current in an electrical circuit.

The resistor's voltage drop and resistance set the DC current flow through the resistor. With water flow analogy we can imagine the electric current as water current through pipe, the resistor as a thin pipe that limits the water flow, the voltage as height difference of the water that enables the water flow. Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

Chiller routine PPM!By Imran

Chillers often represent a plant's single largest electric load. But factor in fouled tubes, leaking refrigerant, or myriad other factors, and operating costs can quickly escalate by eight to 10%. Operating chillers at their peak performance will save energy and maintenance costs.

Chiller maintenance has advanced significantly, due to new developments in centrifugal chillers with magnetic bearing chillers, and new remote monitoring technologies. As a result of remote monitoring, the industry has been moving toward demand maintenance programs and away from pre-determined schedule maintenance. Whichever program you use, here are 10 maintenance tips that apply to most centrifugal chillers, to help maintain high efficiency: Keep a daily log The daily log is still the first step toward maintaining an efficiently-run chiller plant. The log allows you to build a history of operating conditions including temperatures, pressures, fluid levels, and flow rates. Remote monitoring technologies allow you to inspect machines continually rather than monthly or every other month. And, it allows you to easily generate trend reports that help to identify maintenance needs before they become an issue. Keep tubes clean for efficient heat transfer Heat transfer efficiency has the greatest single effect on chiller performance, so clean heat transfer is fundamental to maintaining high efficiency. Contaminants such as minerals, scale, mud, algae and other impurities increase thermal resistance and reduce overall performance. Approach temperatures are a good indicator of heat transfer efficiency. Higher approach temperatures are prime indicators that heat transfer efficiency is decreasing. Condenser tubes should be brush cleaned at least annually, or per your demand maintenance schedule to keep them free of contaminants. Treat condenser water to prevent scale, corrosion All condenser water loops using open cooling sources (such as atmospheric cooling towers) require water treatment of some sort to eliminate scale, corrosion and biological growth. All lead to fouling in the condensers and impede heat transfer and can decrease tube and piping effectiveness. Inspect chilled water loops once a year or regularly with remote monitoring for general water quality and evidence of corrosion. Lower entering water temperature Lowering the temperature of the entering condenser water will improve the chiller's efficiency. On some building systems, the operator will lower the chilled water set point to overcome air handler deficiencies such as dirty coils. This cures the symptom but not the problem, and makes the chiller work harder for the same net cooling effect. Keep chilled water flow rate between 3 to 12-ft per second Changing the chilled water flow rate affects a chiller's performance. Too low a flow rate lowers the chiller efficiency and ultimately leads to laminar flow. The minimum flow rate is typically around 3-ft. per second (FPS). Too high a flow rate leads to vibration, noise, and tube erosion. The maximum recommended flow rate is typically around 12 FPS. Maintain adequate refrigerant charge The actual amount of cooling a chiller provides depends on how much refrigerant it moves through the compressor. It is important to maintain the proper level of refrigerant for the conditions desired. Refrigerant leaks, as well as air and moisture introduced into the system, will decrease efficiency and the reliability of the system. A low refrigerant charge will cause the compressor to work harder for less cooling effect. Prevent inefficiencies caused by non-condensables Non-condensables such as air and moisture leak into low pressure chillers because their evaporators operate in a vacuum. Non-condensables can lower the real efficiency of the chiller from the rated performance by as much as 4% at 60% load and 7% at 100% load. Purge units minimize the effect of non-condensables. Analyze compressor oil Send a sample of the lubrication oil to a laboratory for a “spectrometric” chemical analysis once a year. Like any hermetically sealed refrigeration system, the oil should only be replaced if the analysis indicates it's needed. High moisture can indicate a problem with the purge unit. Sample low pressure chillers more frequently, based on purge run hours. Check oil filters for pressure drop and replace them if the oil charge is replaced. New, magnetic bearing frictionless chillers require distinctly different maintenance and operations from traditional centrifugal chillers. Oil has been eliminated in the design of these chiller systems, further reducing maintenance costs. Check operation of starters and motors For efficient operation of starters and motors, check the safety and sensor calibrations on microprocessor controls (consult manufacturer's guidelines). Then, check electrical connections, wiring, and switchgear related to the chiller for hot spots and worn contacts. To prevent insulation faults, test electrical motor windings for insulation resistance to ground and winding-to-winding. Check the shaft seal of open drive motors for possible refrigerant leaks, and clean motor cooling air vents to ensure maximum cooling effect. Install variable speed drives The chiller motor is typically the largest single electrical load in a building. With the right operating conditions, variable speed drives (VSD) can offer significant energy savings. Varying motor speed matches motor efficiency to load and wastes less energy. Variable speed drives also act as a soft starter to lower the inrush current for the motor to almost that of the full load running amps. This is an important factor for chillers operating on emergency power generators. Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

Wind Power Plant Working Principle!By Imran.

Wind Power Plant Working principle By Mohammad Imran HVAC engineer. Wind energy is an indirect form of solar energy since wind is produced chiefly by the uneven heating of the earth’s crust by the sun. The kinetic energy of the wind can be utilized to produce with the help of wind turbine.

Wind Power Plant Working Principle As the free wind stream interacts with turbine rotor, it transfers a part of the kinetic energy to the rotor due to which its speed decreases. This difference in kinetic energy is converted into mechanical power. This is the basic wind power plant working principle. The total wind power is equal to the incoming kinetic energy of the wind stream. It can be expressed as: Total wind power, Pt = (ρACi3)/2 Where, ρ = density of air (in kg/m3) A = rotor swept area = πr2 (r = radius of blades in meters) Ci = incoming wind velocity (in m/s). The density of air (ρ) is somewhat complicated since it depends on the definition of “ideal” air, the temperature, the altitude, and the water vapor content. It is approximately 1.2 kg/m3 at sea level and room temperature. Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

Energy Efficiency Ratio EER !By Imran

Energy Efficiency Ratio EER The Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER - is a term generally used to define cooling energy efficiency of unitary air-conditioning and heat pump system.

The efficiency is determined at a single rated condition specified by an appropriate equipment standard and is defined as the ratio of net cooling capacity - or heat removed in Btu - to the total input rate of electric energy applied - in Wh. The units of EER are Btu/Wh. EER = Qc / E (3) where EER = energy efficient ratio (Btu/Wh) Qc = net cooling energy (Btu) E = applied electrical energy (Wh) This efficiency term typically includes the energy requirement of auxiliary systems such as the indoor and outdoor fans. higher EER - more efficient system Example - EER for an Air Conditioner Unit The heat removed and electrical power consumed for the air conditioner unit can be measured and calculated in different ways. One simple alternative is to calculate mean values from some . The heat removed for 3 hours can be estimated to Qc = ((8500 Btu/h + 10000 Btu/h + 7000 Btu/h) / 3) (3 h) = 25500 Btu The electrical consumption for 3 hours can be estimated to E = ((600 W + 700 W + 550 W) / 3) (3 h) = 1850 Wh EER for the air conditioner unit can be estimated to EER = (25500 Btu) / (1850 Wh) = 13.8 Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

How to calculate Duct Air Flow in CFM with help of Pressure Sensor ! By Imran

Determining Duct Air Flow in CFM using to Pressure Sensor by Imran

To calculate Air Flow in Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM), determine the Flow Velocity in feet per minute, then multiply this figure by the Duct Cross Sectional Area. Air Flow in CFM (Q) = Flow Velocity in Feet Per Minute (V) x Duct Cross Sectional Area (A) Determining Flow Velocity The easiest way to determine Flow Velocity is to measure the Velocity Pressure in the duct with a Pitot Tube Assembly connected to a differential pressure sensor. The Pitot Tube Assembly includes a Static Pressure Probe and a Total Pressure Probe. A Total Pressure Probe, aligned into the airflow, senses the duct velocity pressure and the static pressure, which equals the total pressure. A Static Pressure Probe aligned at a right angle to the airflow senses only the static pressure. The difference between the total pressure reading and the static pressure reading is the Velocity Pressure. If you connect the Total Pressure Probe to the HIGH port on a differential pressure sensor and the Static Pressure Probe to the LOW port on the differential pressure sensor, then the sensor’s output will be the Velocity Pressure, as shown in the figures below. Fig. 1: BAPI Pitot Tube Assembly, includes Static and Total Pressure Probe Assemblies (ZPS-ACC12) Fig. 2: BAPI Differential Zone Pressure Sensor (ZPS) measuring Velocity Pressure The Flow Velocity is then determined with the following equation: V = 4005 x √ΔP V = Flow Velocity in feet per minute. √= Square root of the number to the right . ΔP = The Velocity Pressure measured by the pressure sensor Example: Measuring a Velocity Pressure of .75” W.C. equals a Flow Velocity of 3,468 Ft/Min. V = 4005 x √0.75 √0.75 = 0.866 • 4005 x 0.866 = 3,468 • Flow Velocity = 3,468 Ft/Min Determining Duct Cross Sectional Area After obtaining the Flow Velocity from the previous procedure, that figure is now multiplied by the Duct Cross Sectional Area to determine the Air Flow in CFM. There are two different equations for determining the Duct Cross Sectional Area, one for round ducts and one for square or rectangular ducts. The equation for square or rectangular ducts is: A = X x Y A = Duct Cross Sectional Area X = Duct height in feet Y = Duct width in feet. The equation for a round duct is: A = π x r² A = Duct Cross Sectional Area π= 3.14159 r = radius of duct in feet Example: An 18” diameter round duct has a Duct Cross Sectional Area of 1.77 Ft² A = π x r² or A = 3.14158 x .5625 18” diameter is 1.5 feet, therefore the radius is .75 feet • r² = 0.75² = 0.5265 • π = 3.14159 A = 3.14159 x 0.5625 = 1.77 Ft² Determining Air Flow in CFM After obtaining the Flow Velocity and the Duct Cross Sectional Area from the previous two procedures, the Air Flow in CFM is determined by multiplying the two: Air Flow in CFM (Q) = Flow Velocity in Feet Per Minute (V) x Duct Cross Sectional Area (A) Example: An 18” diameter round duct with a Velocity Pressure of .75” W.C. has an Air Flow of 6,128 CFM The Flow Velocity is 3,468 Ft/Min. V = 4005 x √ΔP) V = 4005 x √0.75) √0.75 = 0.866 • 4005 x 0.866 = 3,468 • Flow Velocity = 3,468 Ft/Min The Duct Cross Sectional Area is 1.77 Ft² A = π x r² π= 3.14159 • r² = 0.75² = 0.5625 Duct Cross Sectional Area (A) = 3.14159 x 0.5625 = 1.77 Ft² The Air Flow in CFM is 6,128 Ft³/Min Air Flow in CFM (Q) = Flow Velocity in Feet Per Minute (V) x Duct Cross Sectional Area (A) Air Flow in CFM (Q) = 3,468 Ft/Min x 1.77 Ft² = 6,128 CFM. Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

Chiller Chemical dosing system water treatment! By Imran

Chemical treatment (or dosing):

Proprietary (like NALCOOL) or generic chemicals (like Sodium Silicate, Sodium Nitrite, and Sodium Sulfite) compositions are used to prevent the chiller system from corrosion, scaling, fouling and microbiological growth. How? Mainly in three ways: first, these chemicals react with the pipes to form a protective thin inside layer; second, the chemicals help in maintaining the pH level; and third, the chemicals remove corrosive dissolved oxygen in the water. Dosing pumps are used for applying the predetermined quantities of chemicals at regular intervals. Mechanical Treatment: Before commissioning, the whole system should be cleaned and flushed using treated water and commission it as soon as possible. Attend all the leaking points regularly. Filtration: The filter is used for removing (or at least reducing) the solid particles (like welding flush, concrete particles, etc.). UV and Ozone treatment: This method is effective for preventing the microbiological growth in the system, but is not used widely for chillers unless there is some restriction for chemical treatment. Unlike chemical dosing, this treatment does not generate harmful chemical by-products. Thanks for read if you want to anything related to HVAC and Mechanical Engineering then comments and subscribe for new update.

What is (DX )direct expansion air conditioning unit!By Imran

direct expansion air conditioning unit, also called a DX unit, cools indoor air using a condensed refrigerant liquid. It is the type of air conditioning unit most commonly used in homes in the United States.

Direct Expansion Cooling The unit cools air by passing the condensed refrigerant through a heat exchanger inside the building to be cooled. In this part of the unit, called the evaporator, the refrigerant expands as it absorbs heat, eventually converting to a gas. The unit then pumps the refrigerant to a compressor, which compresses the gas and passes it through another heat exchanger, the condenser, outside the building. The heat that has been absorbed by the refrigerant is released to the outdoor air, and the cooled, compressed refrigerant is once again in liquid form. The unit pumps the cooled refrigerant liquid back to the evaporator and the cycle begins again.

Common Causes of Condenser Fan Motor Overheating !By Imran

Common causes of Condenser Fan Motor Overheating? There are a few likely causes that are to blame when a condenser fan motor overheats. They include:

A bad motor. If this is the cause and the motor is new, check the warranty to see if you can get a replacement at no charge. Incorrectly sized motor. Check the manufacturer’s recommendations for ensuring the right sized motor. Overamping. This can be due to either the wrong start run capacitor being installed, or from an incorrectly sized fan blade. Replacing the capacitor and/or fan blade with the correct one should solve the problem. Poor airflow. Not having the fan blades installed in a correct position can result in a lack of airflow and cause the motor to overheat. Lack of maintenance. If the motor has not been lubricated, or the unit kept clean, this can lead to overheating problems. Condensor Coil fully choked Blockages in side condensor

Smart Thermostats! By Imran

Today’s residential and commercial HVAC systems have greatly improved options for controlling temperature and humidity settings.

SMART THERMOSTATS make it possible for homeowners and smaller businesses to control their HVAC system from their mobile devices. Forget to turn down the heat when you left for vacation? Need more AC in the conference room during a big meeting? Adjust in seconds using an app on your smartphone. SENSORS are also automating temperature and humidity control for large commercial spaces. Sensors can detect everything from temperature to humidity levels and even carbon dioxide levels, sending that data to building management systems that can automatically adjust HVAC equipment and ventilation.

Coefficient of Performance - COP ! By Imran

Coefficient of Performance - COP The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the basic parameter used to report efficiency of refrigerant based systems. COP is the ratio between useful cooling or heating output and power input and can be expressed as COP = Pc / P where COP = Coefficient of Performance Pc = useful cooling or heating power output (Btu/h, W) P = power input (Btu/h, W) The COP is an instantaneous measurement in that the units are power which can be measured at one point in time. COP can be used to define the cooling efficiency for a cooling system - or the heating efficiency for a heat pump system. Cooling - COP is defined as the ratio of of the heat removal to the power input to the compressor Heating - COP is defined as the ratio of the heat delivered to the power input to the compressor higher COP - more efficient system COP can be treated as an efficiency where COP of 2.0 = 200% efficiency. For unitary heat pumps, ratings at two standard outdoor temperatures of 47oF and 17oF (8.3oC and -8.3oC) are typically used. Example - COP for an Air Conditioner Unit At an instantaneous moment an air conditioner units cools air from 30 oC and 70% moisture to 20 oC and 100% moisture. The air flow through the unit is 0.1 m3/s and the electrical power consumption of the unit is 600 W. From the Mollier diagram we can see that the enthalpy of the input air is aprox. 78 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of the output air is aprox. 57 kJ/kg. The heat removed from the air can be calculated as Pc = ((78 kJ/kg) - (57 kJ/kg)) (0.1 m3/s) (1.2 kg/m3) = 2.5 kW COP for the unit can be calculated as COP = (2.5 kW) / (0.6 kW) = 4.2 Example - COP for a Heat Pump A heat pump delivers 4.8 kW (16378 Btu/h) of heat with electric power consumption 1.2 kW (4094 Btu/h). COP for the heat pump at the actual conditions can be calculated as COP = (4.8 kW) / (1.2 kW) = 4

How to calculate the efficiency of a chiller !By Imran

How to calculate the efficiency of a chille

How to calculate the efficiency of a chiller. Chillers are one of the largest energy consumers within a building and this has a big impact on operational costs. Therefore its important to monitor your chillers to asses the efficiency of the system and ensure optimal performance. So in this article we will look at how to calculate the efficiency of a chiller. Need to learn this in a hurry? Scroll to the bottom to watch the video tutorial. Calculating the efficiency of a chiller is fairly simple. It is measured in “COP” which stands for Coefficient Of Performance. The Coefficient of performance is just a ratio of the refrigeration effect produced by the chiller against the amount of electrical energy that went into the machine to produce this. Both units should be measured in Kilowatts (kW) lets have a look at how this is achieved. Take for example a chiller which is producing 2,500kW of cooling or 8,533,364BTU/h in metric units. The electrical power demand of the chiller to produce this is 460kW. The metric calculation would be: Mid ad 2,500kW / 460kW = 5.4 so the COP is 5.4. This means that for every 1kW of electricity you put into the machine, you will produce 5.4kW of cooling. The imperial calculation would be: First convert BTU’s to kW’s 8,533,364BTU/s / 3412.142 = 2,500kW 2,500kW / 460kW = 5.4 so the COP is 5.4. This means that for every 1kW of electricity you put into the machine, you will produce 5.4kW of cooling.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System! By Imran

Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems: In a vapour compression refrigeration system, refrigeration is obtained as the refrigerant evaporates at low temperatures. The input to the system is in the form of mechanical energy required to run the compressor. Hence these systems are also called as mechanical refrigeration systems. Vapour compression refrigeration systems are available to suit almost all applications with the refrigeration capacities ranging from few Watts to few megawatts. A wide variety of refrigerants can be used in these systems to suit different applications, capacities etc. The actual vapour compression cycle is based on Evans-Perkins cycle, which is also called as reverse Rankine cycle. Before the actual cycle is discussed and analyzed, it is essential to find the upper limit of performance of vapour compression cycles. This limit is set by a completely reversible cycle. Comparison between gas cycles and vapor cycles: i. Thermodynamic cycles can be categorized into gas cycles and vapour cycles. ii. In a typical gas cycle, the working fluid (a gas) does not undergo phase change; consequently the operating cycle will be away from the vapour dome. iii. In gas cycles, heat rejection and refrigeration take place as the gas undergoes sensible cooling and heating. In a vapour cycle the working fluid undergoes phase change and refrigeration effect is due to the vaporization of refrigerant liquid. If the refrigerant is a pure substance then its temperature remains constant during the phase change processes. iv. However, if a zeotropic mixture is used as a refrigerant, then there will be a temperature glide during vaporization and condensation. Since the refrigeration effect is produced during phase change, large amount of heat (latent heat) can be transferred per kilogram of refrigerant at a near constant temperature. v. Hence, the required mass flow rates for a given refrigeration capacity will be much smaller compared to a gas cycle. Vapour cycles can be subdivided into vapour compression systems, vapour absorption systems, vapour jet systems etc. vi. Among these the vapour compression refrigeration systems are predominant.

WHAT IS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)?! By Imran

WHAT IS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)? PPE means personal protective equipment or equipment you use to guarantee your (own) safety. Use PPE always and anywhere where necessary. Observe the instructions for use, maintain them well and check regularly if they still offer sufficient protection. But when do you use what type of protection? These 7 tips will help you on your way. 1. SAFETY FOR THE HEAD

safety Wearing a helmet offers protection and can prevent head injuries. Select a sturdy helmet that is adapted to the working conditions. These days you can find many elegant designs and you can choose extra options such as an adjustable interior harness and comfortable sweatbands. 2. PROTECT YOUR EYES

protect eyes The eyes are the most complex and fragile parts of our body. Each day, more than 600 people worldwide sustain eye injuries during their work. Thanks to a good pair of safety glasses, these injuries could be prevented. Do you come into contact with bright light or infrared radiation? Then welding goggles or a shield offer the ideal protection! 3. HEARING PROTECTION hearing

Do you work in an environment with high sound levels? In that case it is very important to consider hearing protection. Earplugs are very comfortable, but earmuffs are convenient on the work floor as you can quickly put these on or take them off. 4. MAINTAIN A GOOD RESPIRATION respiration Wearing a mask at work is no luxury, definitely not when coming into contact with hazardous materials. 15% of the employees within the EU inhale vapours, smoke, powder or dusk while performing their job. Dust masks offer protection against fine dust and other dangerous particles. If the materials are truly toxic, use a full-face mask. This adheres tightly to the face, to protect the nose and mouth against harmful pollution. 5. PROTECT YOUR HANDS WITH THE RIGHT GLOVES protection Hands and fingers are often injured, so it is vital to protect them properly. Depending on the sector you work in, you can choose from gloves for different applications: protection against vibrations protection against cuts by sharp materials protection against cold or heat protection against bacteriological risks protection against splashes from diluted chemicals. 6. PROTECTION FOR THE FEET feet protection Even your feet need solid protection. Safety shoes (type Sb, S1, S2 or S3) and boots (type S4 or S5) are the ideal solution to protect the feet against heavy weights. An antiskid sole is useful when working in a damp environment, definitely if you know that 16,2% of all industrial accidents are caused by tripping or sliding. On slippery surfaces, such as snow and ice, shoe claws are recommended. Special socks can provide extra comfort. 7. WEAR THE CORRECT WORK CLOTHING work clothing Preventing accidents is crucial in a crowded workshop. That is why a good visibility at work is a must: a high-visibility jacket and pants made of a strong fabric can help prevent accidents. Just like the hand protection, there are versions for different applications.

PCB components and there function! By Imran

In its simplest form, a PCB is a plastic board reinforced with glass. Attached to this board are copper lines and pads which connect together, cut from a copper layer. These copper lines (known as traces) allow electrical charge to flow through the PCB, providing power to the different components that are situated systematically on the board. The copper traces function in the place of wires, guiding the electricity to the correct destination.

The Layers of a The simplest PCBs are single sided boards (one copper layer). However, the copper traces can also be installed on both sides of the board, creating a double sided PCB. They become more and more complex as additional layers are added to the original design. These new layers have their own copper trace formations. The copper connections cannot cross one another without the path of the electrical charge being compromised, so multi layered PCBs become necessary for advanced electronics. However, in the single sided boards one side is reserved for the copper trace and the other side houses the components. On top of the copper layer sits the solder mask and the silkscreen. The solder mask is what makes the PCB its recognisable green colour. This has the function of insulating the copper from any metal parts that might accidently come into contact with it. However, parts of the metal will remain exposed so that they can be soldered to. The silkscreen sits on top of the solder mask again. This has letters and numbers drawn on it which make the assembly of the PCB easier for the engineer (or the hobbyist!). The Components circuit board If the copper traces behave like the skeleton of the PCB, acting as its basic structure – then the components are the vital organs. Each one has a different function. They give the circuit the unique qualities that make it fit for its intended purpose. Depending on the device or electronic item a PCB is designed for, different components will be needed for different circuits. These components can consist of a wide range of electronic parts. Some common PCB components include: Battery: provides the voltage to the circuit. Resistors: control the electric current as it passes through them. They’re colour coded to determine their value. LEDs: light emitting diode. Lights up when current flows through it, and will only allow current to flow in one direction. Transistor: amplifies charge. Capacitators: these are components which can harbour electrical charge. Inductor: stores charge and stops and change in current. Diode: allows current to pass in one direction only, blocking the other. Switches: can either allow current or block depending if they are closed or open.