Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchangers! By Imran

Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchangers.

In a fluidized-bed heat exchanger, one side of a two-fluid exchanger is immersed in a bed of finely divided solid material, such as a tube bundle immersed in a bed of sand or coal particles, as shown in Fig. 1.3. If the upward fluid velocity on the bed side is low, the solid particles will remain fixed in position in the bed and the fluid will flow through the interstices of the bed. If the upward fluid velocity is high, the solid particles will be carried away with the fluid. At a ‘‘proper’’ value of the fluid velocity, the upward drag force is slightly higher than the weight of the bed particles. As a result, the solid particles will float with an increase in bed volume, and the bed behaves as a liquid. This characteristic of the bed is referred to as a fluidized condition. Under this condition, the fluid pressure drop through the bed remains almost constant, independent of the flow rate, and a strong mixing of the solid particles occurs. This results in a uniform temperature for the total bed (gas and par- ticles) with an apparent thermal conductivity of the solid particles as infinity. Very high heat transfer coefficients are achieved on the fluidized side compared to particle-free or dilute-phase particle gas flows. Chemical reaction is common on the fluidized side in many process applications, and combustion takes place in coal combustion fluidized beds. The common applications of the fluidized-bed heat exchanger are drying, mixing, adsorption, reactor engineering, coal combustion, and waste heat recovery

Physical Properties of Refrigerants R-417A Environmental Classification HFC! By Imran

Physical Properties of Refrigerants R-417A Environmental Classification HFC

Molecular Weight 106.8 Bubble Point (1 atm, ºC) -39.1 Critical Pressure (bar-abs) 40.4 Critical Temperature (ºC) 87.1 Critical Density (Kg/m^3) 520.6 Liquid Density (25 ºC, Kg/m^3) 1151.3 Vapor Density (bp,Kg/m^3) 5.681 Heat of Vaporization (bp, KJ/Kg) 200.75 Ozone Depletion Potential (CFC 11 = 1.0) 0 Global Warming Potential (CO2 = 1.0) 1950 ASHRAE Standard 34 Safety Rating A1 Temperature Glide (ºC) 5.5 Composition: A blend of HFC refrigerants R-125, R-134A and hydrocarbon R-600 (butane) (46.6 / 50 / 3.4 wt%) Application: An alternative to R-22 in medium temperature refrigeration and air conditioning. Performance: Both suction and discharge pressures will run lower than R-22, which may affect valve operation or orifice tube selection. Loss of capacity may be significant at lower evaporator temperatures, but generally not a problem in properly sized equipment at warmer application temperatures. Lubricant: The hydrocarbon component in R-417A helps promote oil return in systems containing mineral oil or alkylbenzene. Although HFC refrigerants won’t mix with these oils, the hydrocarbon addition thins the oil and keeps it moving around the loop. More complicated piping arrangements or large hold-up volumes may still require some oil be changed to POE. R-417A R-417A Available in the following sizes: 26R417ART 12 Kg RETURNABLE CYLINDER 44R417ART 20 Kg RETURNABLE CYLINDER 100R417ART 46 Kg RETURNABLE CYLINDER 1587R417ART 720 Kg RETURNABLE DRUM