Filter Driers

Filter driers are devices used in a HVAC system that are a combination of filter and dryer (or drier). A filter is used to remove any particle such as dirt, metal or chips from entering the refrigerant flow control. The refrigerant flow control device could be thermostatic expansion valve or simply a capillary tube.

The filter is sometimes also referred to as a strainer. It is critical that these particles are filtered out and prevented from going into the metering device. It can cause blockage to the passage flow of the refrigerant in the expansion valve and cause improper operation to the system.

A drier as its name imply is used to remove the moisture from the refrigerant. Sometimes it is also referred to as dehydrator or dryer. It is necessary to remove moisture from the system otherwise it may freeze inside the tube causing the flow of refrigerant to be restricted. The moisture will also cause the formation of acids and sludge when in contact with oil in the system.

These devices are usually used in bigger system where the refrigerant circuit is designed for field service. Residential units that are charged with refrigerant at factory level and hermetically sealed do not use these devices as the possibility of moisture and particles entering the system is minimal.

Types of Filter

There are basically two types in used today.

• Liquid Line Type
• Suction Line Type

Liquid Line Type is placed after the condenser coil and before the expansion valve. The liquid refrigerant that flows from the condenser to the expansion valve is filtered from particles and moisture before entering it. Good filter will filter out particles that are 20 micron or above from the system.

Some higher end device has sight glass that enables the technician to look into it to see the level of refrigerant. Some have chemical in it that indicate the amount of moisture in the system based on the color of it.

The Emerson EK-164 liquid line drier shown below is able to remove moisture and acid from the liquid refrigerant. It can also remove particles that are bigger than 20 micron from the refrigerant system. It has a maximum operating pressure of 680 psig and painted with a corrosive resistance epoxy powder paint. Suitable for outdoor installation.

Emerson EK-164 liquid line filter driers being installed on site.

Suction Line Type is placed after the evaporator and before the compressor. This device is used to protect the compressor especially after any failure that contaminates the system.

Motor failure in the compressor usually cause acid and other contaminants to be introduced into the refrigerant system hence it is important to have the suction line filter dryer installed.

Capacitor Failure

Valve and Actuator

Two components are heavily relied upon in the industrial and manufacturing sectors, and these are the actuator and the valve. And while both of these implements are related, they do serve very different functions.

Here are the factors that separate actuators from valves.

What Does a Valve Do?

The primary job of a valve is to control the flow of a fluid or gas within a line. There is an array of valve types, and each one operates uniquely, however, in the end, the core principles are the same. Some of the most common valve styles are 2-way valves and 3-way valves, both of which operate with either air pressure, electrical current, or hydraulic fluid.

What Does an Actuator Do?

An actuator is an implement that is built into the valve housing which dictates when the valve will open or close through the use of a controller system. As with valves, there are some different types of actuators to choose from, depending on the application in which it will be used. A few examples of actuator types are manual linear actuators, rotary actuators, and fluid power rotary actuators.

What is the Difference Between a Valve and an Actuator?

As it has been shown, valves and actuators are two completely separate components; however, they do work together to accomplish a common task. Therefore, it can be said that a valve is a physical part of a system that opens and closes to dictate the amount of fluid being allowed to pass through, while the actuator tells the valve when to operate.

For instance, in a heated flooring system, fluids of varying temperatures are pumped beneath the floor structure to help maintain a preset temperature. And while the system will work with only a valve, there will be no way to control the functioning of the valve, other than by manual methods. This would mean that a human would have to continually monitor the temperature of the floor, and adjust the valve when changes are necessary.

However, if an actuator is installed with the valve, the actuator can be set through the use of a computer controller to open and close the valve at a specific time or to meet certain criteria, and in this case, the criteria would be the fluid temperature.

Conclusion

Often valves and actuators are mistakenly considered to be the same thing, but in fact, they are two very different components. While a valve is used to control the amount of fluid or gas flowing through a pipe, it must either be set in a specific position or manually controlled. However, through the use of an actuator, which is an implement that is installed directly into the valve, the valve can be programmed to open and close at specific intervals.

The actuator is typically controlled by a computer system that uses various sensors which dictate the action of the actuator and thus the valve. In the end, valves and actuators are completely separate components in a fluid transfer system, but they are used together to achieve a single goal.

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Cause of water leakage from RAC

Why is Air Conditioner Leaking Water Inside

Here’s a common question we get during Florida summers, “Why is my AC leaking water inside my home?There are multiple causes of this problem.

But first, turn your AC’s thermostat to “Off” to prevent further damage to your home.

To understand why this is happening, you need to know how water forms on your AC in the first place.

Why does water form in my air conditioner?

Your AC’s inside unit contains the evaporator coil (pictured on the right) that cools the warm air blown over it. This causes condensation (moisture) to form on the coil, just like how water droplets form on a cold glass of water on a hot day.

The moisture on the coil drips into a drain pan and down a condensate drain line (a white PVC pipe) that leads out your home.

So, with all that in mind, here are a few things that cause that water to leak into your home.

Cause 1: Clogged condensate drain line

A clogged condensate drain line is the most common cause of water leaking from your AC into your home.

If the drain line gets clogged with dust, dirt, sludge or mold, that water backs up into your home. In that case, you’ll need to unclog it. There are multiple unclogging methods, like using a wet/dry vac on the condensate line.

But the surefire way is to have a professional use a special vacuum to suck the blockage material

Cause 2: Damaged/rusted drain pan

Got an old air conditioner (12-15 years)? The drain pan may be damaged or rusted through, so water just falls right through. You’ll need to replace the pan.

Cause 3: Broken condensate pump

Is your furnace and indoor AC unit installed in the basement? If so then there is a condensate pump that pumps the water outside. But if the pump breaks, the water isn’t being pumped outside anymore. You will need to repair or replace the pump.

Cause 4: Dirty air filter

A dirty air filter blocks airflow over the evaporator coil. When that happens, the evaporator coil gets too cold and freezes over. When it melts, it drips an excess amount of water that the pan may not be able to handle.

Check your air filter to see if it’s dirty and change it if needed. You should be changing it every 1-3 months (depending on the season)

Cause 5: Low refrigerant

Similar to a dirty air filter, low refrigerant will lower pressure in the AC system, causing the evaporator coil to freeze over. When the coil melts, water overflows the drain pan.

You’ll notice you’re low on refrigerant when:

• The air conditioner isn’t cooling well
• You hear a hissing or bubbling noise (indicating a refrigerant leak)

Depending on the severity of the refrigerant leak you’ll either repair the leak or replace the whole AC unit.

If you need a new one, read our article,

Need a professional?

If changing the air filter did not help, contact Cool Today to 

Also, ask us about installing a float switch on your air conditioner if it does not have one already. This switch will shut down the air conditioner in case it overflows with water again.

Compressor failur cause

So you’ve been told that your AC compressor’s “gone bad.” This will likely lead you to a series of questions. Questions like, how did this happen? How much is this going cost me? And what exactly is an AC compressor, anyway?

What Is an AC Compressor?

First things first: The compressor in an air conditioning unit is the “heart” of your system. It is usually located with the condenser and the fan in the outside “box” portion of your AC unit. Contrary to popular perception, AC units don’t add cool air to a space, but rather take heat out of it. The compressor’s role in this process is a critical one.

Refrigerant chemical enters the compressor as a cool gas, and the compressor squeezes it until it is a very hot gas under very high pressure. This allows it to run through the condensing coils and allows the heat to dissipate outside, and eventually evaporate in the end of the cycle through another set of coils, actually removing the heat from the air through this process, blowing it out of the house until the inside is a comfortable temperature.

How Did It Happen?

Compressors are actually very dependable (lasting on average between 12-15 years) so typically, when your AC compressor has gone bad there’s an underlying cause that needs to be addressed lest the problem reemerge even after the unit has been replaced.

There are many ways a compressor can give up the ghost. Nearly all of them are easily preventable with proper, routine maintenance. Some of the usual offenders include:

• Refrigerant floodback
  The liquid refrigerant doesn’t completely vaporize in the evaporator, returning into the compressor cylinder and damaging it with runaway pressure. There are many ways this can happen, from refrigerant overcharge to improper settings.
• Lack of lubrication
  An oil leak, oil trapped in the suction line, and oil pump failure are some of the ways in which the compressor can fail due to oil contamination.
• System Contamination
  The causes of compressor failure due to system contamination can include such elements as air, moisture, dirt, and acids which can form with the addition of heat and pressure.
• Electrical problems
  The main causes of electrical failure include imbalances in the voltage or current, resulting in overheating and failure.
• Overheating
  A compressor may overheat if there is not enough suction cooling, lack of condenser cooling, or if there is air in the system, raising both the pressure and temperature.

Refrigerant colour code

CFCs

Number	Cylinder Color	Refrig. Name	Application
R-11	Orange	Trichloromonofluoromethane	Centrifugal Chillers
R-12	White	Dichlorodifluoromethane	Reciprocating and rotary equipments
R-13	Light Blue	Monochlorotrifluoromethane	Used in low stage of cascade systems
R-13B1	Coral	Bromotrifluoromethane	Low to Medium temperature applications
R-113	Purple	Trichlorotrifluoroethane	Low capacity centrifugal chillers
R-114	Dark Blue	Dichlorotetrafluoroethane	High capacity Chillers
R-500	Yellow	Refrig. 152A/12	Industrial and commercial reciprocating compressors
R-502	Light Purple	Refrig. 22/115	Reciprocating and rotary equipments
R-503	Aquamarine	Refrig. 23/13	Low temperature commercial refrigeration

HCFCs 

Number	Cylinder Color	Refrig. Name	Application
R-22	Light Green	Monochlorodifluoromethane	Residential, commercial and industrial
R-123	Light Gray	Dichlorotrifluoroethane	R-11 replacement for centrifugal chillers
R-124	Deep Green	Chlorotetrafluoroethane	Medium pressure chillers
R-401A	Coral Red	R-22 + R-152a + R-124	Medium temperature systems
R-401B	Mustard Yellow	R-22 + R-152a + R-124	Transport refrigeration, domestic refrigerators
R-402A	Light Brown	R-22 + R-125 + R-290	Ice machine, vending, supermarket and food service
R-402B	Green Brown	R-22 + R-125 + R-290	Supermarket, food service and transport

HFCs

Number	Cylinder Color	Refrig. Name	Application
R-23	Light Gray	Trifluoromethane	Low temperature refrigerant
R-134a	Light Sky Blue	Tetrafluoroethane	Automotive industry and refrigeration systems
R-404A	Orange	R-125 + R-143a + R-134a	Medium and low temperature
R-407C	Chocolate Brown	R-32 + R-125 + R-134a	R-22 Replacement
R-410A	Rose	R-32 + R-125	Replacement for residential air conditioning
R-507	Light Brown	Refrig. 23/13

https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4744402466049114883#editor/target=post;postID=3680206906830045754

MOHAMMAD IMRAN

HVAC Engineer

This will cause the following symptoms failure of Exoension Valve:

• Low evaporator (suction) pressure;
• High evaporator and compressor superheats;
• Low compressor amp draw;
• Short-cycling on the low-pressure control;
• Somewhat high discharge temperature;
• Low condensing (head) pressure;Low condenser split; 

Safety factor in HVAC field.

The Seven Greatest Safety Threats to HVAC Contractors

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Safety Threats to HVAC Contractors

The HVAC industry provides many professionals with rewarding and secure careers. Controlling the internal climate environments of offices, homes, and other spaces is considered a necessity today. In addition to this growing demand, the technology used in HVAC equipment requires knowledgeable and experienced personnel.

However, both this technology and other factors mean there are certain occupational hazards and risks that accompany the HVAC profession. Taking time to be knowledgeable about these factors will improve the efficiency of any HVAC firm and its employees while minimizing potentially catastrophic risks.

While there are a virtually unlimited number of dangers in any such business, there are seven issues that top the list of concerns for HVAC firms and workers. Below is a brief discussion of those risks that you can evaluate relative to your own operations:

1. Wiring-related Risks. Of course, the primary risk for any electrical equipment work is electrocution. When working with wiring day in and day out, it is easy to become complacent about picking up a cable or wire and attempting to work with it. It is essential to always treat every wire as live and handle all wiring and cabling with the care they deserve.
2. Equipment-based Risks. Specific risks are addressed below, but the very size, weight and complexity of the majority of HVAC equipment presents special dangers to personnel. Moving components such as fans and pulleys present unique dangers, especially when they are part of larger units. The many sharp edges and components of an HVAC unit present multiple risks of cuts, punctures, scrapes and other dangers.
3. Environmental/Exposure Risks. The chemicals used as refrigerants can be a danger to personnel, especially when working with larger and older systems that have developed leaks. Another major factor is the issue of asbestos exposure, often a concern in the same older facilities.
4. Fatigue-related Issues. Each of the other risks listed here are magnified by the factor of fatigue and complacency. It is possible to execute a dangerous connection or other operation hundreds of times and then make a critical error at some point because of fatigue or inattention. Many HVAC installations are made under tight deadlines to meet construction schedules and this increases the chance for a team of installers to be worked to a point where such accidents are more likely. The other side of this issue is complacency, or executing a dangerous step so many times that there is a loss of appreciation for its inherent danger.
5. Safety Violations. Many accidents occur when one person is injured because another breaks a standard safety procedure, such as removing an interlock or failing to properly secure tools when working at a height. Following safety rules is not just important for the individual, it is essential for protecting co-workers as well.
6. Burns and related Injuries. The danger of working with extremely hot and moving components often exists when performing regular or emergency maintenance or repairs on installed equipment. This is especially the case when some parts seem to be off and cool while other components nearby are operating at extreme temperatures. The larger the installation being serviced, the greater the risk of misjudging the status of any one unit or component.
7. Falls and Crushing Injuries. When installing or removing larger HVAC units, the work often involves use of third-party cranes and equipment. Workers have to pay special attention to their risks when working at heights or when moving multi-ton HVAC components.    

Coefficient of performance ( COP )

Coefficient of performance. The efficiency of a refrigerator or heat pump is given by a parameter called the coefficient of performance (COP). The COP of a refrigerator is given by the following equation: COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Cooling Effect/Work Input = QL/W.

Fan Coil Unit F.C.U

Fan Coil Unit Systems. A fan coil unit(FCU) contains a fan which draws the air in a space into the unit then blows it over a cooling or heating coil. The air comes out of the FCU either cooler or hotter than before.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN AHU

Air Handling unit or AHU is an assembly of air conditioning components (such as fans, cooling coils, filters, humidifiers and dampers) integrated into a self-contained package and installed as a single unit, which is connected to system of metal duct work that distributes the conditioned air.

We difference two types of AHU :

• simple flow: the AHU whether works in 100% fresh air, or air intake, or works with the two of them.
• dual flow: the AHU is working with the most optimal configuration, by chosing between quantity of fresh air, total treated air, air intake, return air, according to the situation.

How does a simple flow AHU work ?

It is actually very easy to understand : the AHU pumps the designed external air, which will be treated in temperature and humidity, as well as quality of composition with different type of filters. This treated air will be carried to respective areas by means of ducting.

For a dual flows AHU, besides the first objective explained previously, the AHU will extract the air from the areas that can’t be recycled back in the AHU  (air too polluted or areas which requires a percentage of extracted air), and will be rejected out of the structure.

Objectives of the AHU :

• Fresh air intake (which replaces the air polluted)
• Air treatment (by filtration)
• Humidity and temperature control of the air supply
• Structure easy to install in each type of architectural configuration
• Minimal surface facilities required (specification important due to the m² price today).
• Noise reduction (no need to open any windows)
• Integrated regulation with an software adapted to health services
• Plug and Play unit.
• Reduction of the ductwork and installation – Important saving of time and money..

The AHU provide pre cooling (pre heating) of the ventilation air and thus take care of only a relative small part of the cooling (heating) load. In addition the energy for pre cooling (pre heating) does not come from the AHU itself, but is provided by an external source, such as a chiller (boiler or furnace).

Some AHUs like dual stream VMC are working with exchanges boxes for effecting heat energy recovery, thanks to the use of the heating recovered to heat up the air intake.

The dual flows AHUs know how to work according to different working systems.

The different types of filtration:

• Total recycling : no fresh air is brought, air traitment is working as closed circuit, only with the ambient air,
• Partial rcycling : part of the air treated is rejected and replaced by fresh air.
• 100% Fresh air : the air intake flow equals to the air supplied. It becomes therefore interesting to retrieve the energy brought by a heat recovery unit on the air intake “polluted”.

AHU introduction

An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system. The basic function of the AHU is take in outside air, condition it and supply fresh air to a building. All exhaust air is discharged, which secures an acceptable indoor air quality.

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Principles of Refrigeration

• Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas

• Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.

For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.

• The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.

• The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air.

• The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.

• The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.

• As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.

Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to the pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system

How does #chiller work #Imran

Chiller System Overview

Chillers use either a vapor-compression or absorption refrigerant cycle to cool a fluid for heat transfer. Both chiller types rely on three basic principles.

• First - When a liquid is heated it vaporizes into a gas, and when a gas is cooled it condenses into a liquid
• Second - Lowering the pressure above a liquid reduces its boiling point and increasing the pressure raises it
• Third - Heat always flows from hot to cold.

Basic Cooling Cycle

The basic cooling cycle is the same for both vapor-compression and absorption chillers. Both systems utilize a liquid refrigerant that changes phase to a gas within an evaporator which absorbs heat from the water to be cooled.

The refrigerant gas is then compressed to a higher pressure by a compressor or a generator, converted back into a liquid by rejecting heat through a condenser and then expanded to a low- pressure mixture of liquid and vapor that goes back to the evaporator section.  The cycle is repeated.

Vapor Compressor Chiller

A vapor-compression chiller consists of four primary components of the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. They include a compressor, evaporator, condenser and a metering device.

Vapor-compression chillers typically utilize HCFC or CFC refrigerants to achieve a refrigeration effect. Compressors are the driving force in a vapor-compression chiller and act as a pump for the refrigerant.

Compressed refrigerant gas is sent from the compressor to a condenser unit that rejects the heat energy from the refrigerant to cooling water or air outside of the system.

The transfer of heat allows the refrigerant gas to condense into a liquid which is then sent to a metering device.

The metering device restricts the flow of liquid refrigerant which causes a drop in pressure. The drop in pressure causes the warm refrigerant liquid to change phase from liquid to gas and in doing so absorbs heat from the water to be cooled due to adiabatic flash evaporation.

The metering device is positioned so that the expanding refrigerant gas is contained within the evaporator, transferring the heat energy from the water to be cooled into the refrigerant gas. The warm refrigerant gas is then sent back to the compressor to start the cycle over again and the newly chilled water in the separate loop can now be used for cooling.

Absorption Chiller

An absorption chiller uses a heat source to drive the refrigeration cycle in place of a mechanical compressor. Absorption chillers utilize two fluids which include a refrigerant, typically water and an absorbent, typically a lithium bromide solution or ammonia.

These liquids are separated and recombined in the absorption cycle where due to the low pressure conditions the water can more easily change phase than it normally would, and the high affinity of the two liquids promotes easy absorption.

The cycle begins with a mixture of liquid refrigerant water and absorbent that is heated at a higher pressure to boil the water out of solution. The refrigerant water vapor is then sent past a condenser coil where heat rejected and it is condensed into a high pressure liquid. The liquid refrigerant water is then sent to the lower pressure evaporator where throughadiabatic flash evaporation returns to a gas, absorbing the heat from the water to be chilled. The concentrated liquid absorbent from the generator is sent back to be recombined with the low-pressure refrigerant vapors returning from the evaporator starting the cycle over again.

Cooling Towers

The heat energy absorbed by the chiller needs to be rejected out of the system and into the atmosphere. Evaporative heat rejection devices called cooling towers are typically used to lower the water temperature in large chiller systems.

What does TR mean in air conditioning

What does TR mean in air conditioning

Originally 1 TR was defined as the rate of heat transfer required to make 1 short ton (2000 lbs) of ice per day from water at 0^oC. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defines 1 TR as equivalent to a refrigeration capacity of 3516.85 W or 3023.95 kcal/h.

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 Superheat and Subcooling

Superheat and subcooling are critical to the refrigeration cycle, but can be tough concepts to visualize.

Let’s start with superheat:

Boiling is when a liquid gains heat and transforms into a vapor.

Superheat occurs when that vapor is heated above its boiling point.

Let’s say that refrigerant boils at 40 degrees at a low pressure in the evaporator. The vaporized refrigerant is continuously heated, elevating its temperature to become a 50-degree vapor. This increase in temperatureabovethe boiling point is known as superheat. The formula to calculate superheat uses the current temperature and boiling point.

In this example, the superheat is 10-degrees.

Superheat is critical in HVAC because it ensures the liquid refrigerant is boiled off before it leaves the evaporator and heads to the compressor. Even small amounts of liquid can cause detrimental damage to the compressor in an HVAC system.

While evaporation and superheat occur in the evaporator, condensation and subcooling occur in the condenser.

Condensation is when a vapor loses heat and turns into a liquid, butsubcooling is when that liquid is cooled below the temperature at which it turns into a liquid.

Let’s use the same refrigerant with a high pressure boiling point of 120 degrees for the following example:

The refrigerant is a 140 degree vapor heading into the condenser. Once the condenser cools the refrigerant to 120 degrees, it will begin to turn back into a liquid. But the cooling does not stop there! Subcooling is also calculated using the boiling point (sometimes referred to as the condensing point) and current temperature.

So, if the condenser brings the refrigerant temperature down to 105 degrees, it has been subcooled by 15 degrees. In the refrigeration cycle, subcooling is an important process that ensures liquidrefrigerant enters the expansion device.

Key takeaways: superheat occurs in the evaporator to protect the compressor, and subcooling occurs in the condenser to protect the expansion device

HVAC Basic

HVAC Basics

Facility maintenance managers, HVAC contractors; HOA board members; estate and high-rise building managers; building and facility engineers; and commercial property managers all have one important responsibility to think about - running an HVAC.

Heating, cooling and air conditioning is vital to any part of real estate, whether for residential, commercial or industrial purposes.

Here's a list of HVAC system fundamentals:

What is HVAC?

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems are tasked with circulating fresh air within living spaces, while maintaining the optimal temperature to keep the occupants comfortable. Maintaining an efficient, working HVAC system is paramount to keeping management smooth and providing thermal comfort.

Parts of an HVAC System

Property managers should have an idea of how an HVAC system operates and what to do when complications occur. Here are the most important things to remember about each part:

Compressor

The heart of an HVAC system, compressors pump the refrigerant through respective components in a looping pattern. The refrigerant enters the compressor as low-pressure vapor and exits as high-pressure vapor.

Condenser Coil

This HVAC system component is responsible for rejecting the heat load absorbed by the evaporator coil. If the condenser oil is neglected, improper cooling will occur causing a high head pressure.

Evaporator Coil

This component absorbs the heat load to the condenser coil for eventual rejection. If the evaporator coil is impacted or dirty, then the HVAC will have improper cooling and low suction pressure.

Condenser Fan Motor

Condenser fan motors help in rejecting the heat load and maintaining optimal head pressure for optimal compressor operation.

Evaporator Blower Motor

Evaporator blower motor is designed to force or push manipulated air through the duct stream.

Thermostatic Expansion Valve

The TXV is a device that regulates the amount of liquid refrigerant flowing through the evaporator. It is designed to maximize evaporator efficiency while diverting the flow of excess refrigerant back into the compressor (called floodback).

Cooling Tower

A component of an HVAC system which rejects the heat load absorbed by either the heat pump or evaporator coil carried by water. The water in it transports the heat load which was absorbed by the evaporator coil, dissipating it in the cooling tower. The water that passes via the heat exchanger normalizes head pressure.

Chiller

This is a machine that provides chilled water, which is used in conjunction with the HVAC system's cooling.

Pumps

These components are primarily designed to move water at the chill water and condenser water supply sections. Pumps move water chilled to 44 degrees to fancoils, and once the water reaches the fancoil, temperature rises to roughly around 47-52 degrees. Pumps that move the condenser water supply are rejected at cooling temperatures ranging from 90 to 100 degrees. Factors such as demand load, ambience, the cooling tower fill's condition, and strainers can vary the temperature during circulation.

Duct System

This can either be rectangular or spiral, flanged or drive. The main trunk line is where the main HVAC air flows, branching out to distribution points that carry the cooled or warmed air into small office suites and large conference rooms in commercial buildings.

Boiler

The boiler is pressure equipment which heats water. The choices when it comes to selecting boiler types are either low or high pressure systems, or hot water and steam.

Energy Management Monitoring Systems

Also known as BAS (Building Automation Systems), this HVAC component helps schedule, control and monitor commercial equipment such as cooling towers, pumps, package units, air compressors and handlers, boilers, temperature sensors, chillers and VAV boxes within the office and in office living spaces.